par Eric binamé » 14 01 2015 à 03:54
J'ai répondu à Bernard quand je l'ai vu à St Ammand. Mais je vais essayer de résumer ici car c'est compliqué. Désolé, je ne traduis pas, où alors à la demande...
Au Japon, il faut distinguer Train et Tram. Ce n'est pas une qu'une question de matériel, mais une question légale.
Souvent le statut actuel est un reste du passé, parfois au gré des fusions et fermetures.
Pour les trains, on distingue plusieurs catégories.
Railways and trams are respectively regulated by the Railway Business Act (鉄道事業法 Tetsudō Jigyō Hō?, Act No. 92 of 1986) and the Tram Act (軌道法 Kidō Hō?, Act No. 76 of 1921). Under the Railway Business Act, operations of "railways" (in the legal meaning) are divided into three categories: Category 1, Category 2 and Category 3.
Category 1 means the business of transportation of passengers or freight by railway (except tramways) other than a Category 2 Railway Business operator.
Category 2 means the business of the transportation of passengers or freight using railway tracks other than those constructed by the operator of the business (including the railway tracks constructed by others which were assigned to the operator) to meet the needs of others.
Category 3 means the business of constructing railway tracks for the purpose of assigning them to a Category 1 Railway Business operator and the business of constructing railway tracks to have a Category 2 Railway Business operator use them exclusively.
Most railway operations in Japan are Category 1. Examples of Category 2 railway businesses include most operations of the Japan Freight Railway Company and the JR Tōzai Line operation of the West Japan Railway Company. Examples of Category 3 railway businesses include the Kōbe Rapid Transit Railway company and the government of Aomori Prefecture with regards to the Aoimori Railway.
Pour ce qui est de l'exploitation:
The Japan Railways Group, is a group of successors of the government-owned Japanese National Railways (JNR). The JR Group lies at the heart of Japan's railway network, operating almost all intercity rail services and a large proportion of commuter rail services.
The six passenger operating companies of the JR Group are separated by region, but many operate long-distance train services beyond their regional boundaries. The six companies are: Hokkaido Railway Company, East Japan Railway Company, Central Japan Railway Company, West Japan Railway Company, Shikoku Railway Company, and Kyushu Railway Company. Freight service belongs to JR Freight which operates all freight network previously owned by JNR.
Major private railways
Japan also features multiple competing private railway systems. In post-war Japan, the Japanese government encouraged private corporations to develop their own mass transit systems in order to quickly rebuild the country's urban transport networks.
Private rail lines were encouraged to compete with each other as well as the national rail lines with the government's role limited to regulation of fares. In exchange for developing rail lines, private corporations were given business opportunities to diversify their operations and develop the real estate surrounding their railway networks.
By allowing private corporations to control transit oriented developments as well as railway lines, planned communities were facilitated allowing private railway operators to establish a vertically integrated business of developing residential, business, industrial and retail land and the commuting methods used by the populace to travel between such areas.
As such, through diversification of their business, the majority of the private railways in Japan are financially independent and their railway operations are usually profitable, in sharp contrast to most transit networks in other countries.
16 companies are classified as the major private railways and are operating 2,870.1 kilometers of railways. In a one year period from April 2009, a total of 9.46 billion passengers traveled on these major railways.
Other railways
City governments
"Third sector" companies funded jointly by regional governments and private companies
Other minor private railway companies.
Pour les trams, c'est encore plus compliqué, mais on peut résumé par des véhicules limités à 40 kmh, pas de signalisation obligatoire en double voie, pas de système d'arrêt automatique obligatoire (ATS), pas de receveur obligatoire si le véhicule fait moins de 13m40.
Pour compliquer encore un peu, certaines compagnies ont des lignes régies par l'une ou l'autre loi.